[COLOR="DarkRed"]Babel translation from Portuguese, (I reviewed it a bit)... [/COLOR]:rolleyes: [B]YOU HEAR, What I DO NOT HEAR... I HEAR, What YOU DO NOT HEAR....[/B] Jorge Knirsch [CENTER][B]SCIENCE DISCLOSES SURPRISING NEW ASPECTS Of OUR HEARING.[/B][/CENTER] [B]Introduction[/B] Why good systems of audio, that present only small measurable differences in the eletro-eletronics parameters, have been subjectively evaluated for the great public seeming so controversial? Why the sound has been evaluated with so different opinions even antagonistic? Why the quarrel around the correct sound excites the spirits in such a way and provokes strikes so heated? What factors take them to decide if a sound pleases them or not? It will be that what we like must is a custom or a habit? Through the international, research there have been advances in such a way in the part of sound evaluation of equipment and systems, as also in the area of the perception human being of the hearing. These two fields of science, even so very distinct, are intimately correlated as we will see in this article and the next ones. Reading some international magazines of this subject, I have collated with different research and new features that I intend to present in this article. We will speak a little of these new knowledge, looking to contribute with our Brazilian, immobilized market for its economic situation and each more restricted time to a lesser group of audiophiles and music lovers. Starting history backwards, in 1863, was published the book "the Sensations of the Tones in Psychological Base for the Musical Theory" of Herman Ludwig Ferdinand Von Helmholtz (1821 the 1894), physicist and German mathematician, been born in Potsdam, that presented a study on the differences of the human perception being with relation to the sounds and the musical tones. Through this study, the author raised the hypothesis of the probable existence of two great groups of listeners: synthetic and the analytical ones. At the time, these ranks of Helmholtz had not raised much quarrel, face to the some acoustic devices that were being presented in this same work, as the absorber celebrity that takes its name today, great novelty at the time. But, from the passed century, some universities had started to deepen the studies on the human being perception of sounds, initiated for Helmholtz In the bilges of the Department of Neurology of the University of Heidelberg, Germany, the Dr. Peter Schneider, of the Section of Biomagnetism managed to show, with scientists of the Universities of Liverpool and Southampton, in England, through diverse auditory and physical medical experiments, that really the human beings listen of different form the same sounds and tones. Today is proven the fact of the human being auditory perception to be extremely differentiated for each individual. These new knowledge are leading to a revision of the concepts of sonorous electronic equipment evaluation that we go to display in another chance. [RIGHT]© 2004-2007 Jorge Bruno Fritz Knirsch All the all rights reserved [URL]http://www.byknirsch.com.br[/URL][/RIGHT] [B]Synthetic and the Analytical ones[/B] The research of the Dr. Peter Schneider had come to confirm the suspicion of the German scientist Herman Von Helmholtz, more than a century behind, that it really has two great human groups regarding auditory perception. It assigned them as the listeners of basic and the listeners of the harmonic tones. In this article, to simplify, we go to call two groups as Helmholtz originally defined them in its famous book, or either, the group of the synthetic listeners, who synthecize the sound around its basic one and of the analytical listeners, who if guide around harmonics of the sound. As the research had shown, none of these two great groups hears better or worse, one in relation to the other. The form was evidenced that to also hear does not depend on the sex, race, profession, age or personal musicalidade. One only uncovered that these two groups simply hear of different form one of the other, as we will see ahead. All sound is constituted by basic and its harmonic ones, where the harmonic ones are sine waves in multiple frequencies of the frequency of the basic sine wave. [CENTER][IMG]http://www.melorib.com/data/knirsch1.jpg[/IMG] [IMG]http://www.melorib.com/data/knirsch2.jpg[/IMG][/CENTER] The group of the synthetic ones hears and guides more for the basic frequencies of the sounds, while that the analytical ones hear and they guide more for the harmonic ones. It was given credit, when a sound was emitted without its basic tone (for example, the reproduction of a serious sound in a speaker), the human being hearing would have the capacity to reconstitute, during the proper hearing, this basic missing, of this sound, to listen to the specter entire of the related sound. However, the new tests had demonstrated that only the synthetic listeners have this capacity to reconstitute the basic tone of a sound. The analytical ones, as they base their hearing in the harmonic ones, do not reconstitute the basic tone. A scale exists to classify the individuals of each group. For synthetic the a scale it goes of 0 up to -1, being that the "synthetic -1" is the ones that more are oriented for the basic one. For analytical, the scale it goes of 0 the +1, being that the "analytical +1" is the ones that more are oriented for the harmonics of superior order. Therefore, synthetic and analytical if they find only in 0. It is important to emphasize that each person if points out in some position in this scale of -1 the +1, In my case, for example, I am synthetic -0,2. The people, in different positions in the scale, not necessarily hear better or worse, ones in relation to the others, but simply each one hears in a specific, different way. The musical perception can very be differentiated. For example, ther is people that can hear the same sounds until the one height of four eighth a in relation to that the others hear! The graph below presents the distribution of the people, in the -1 scale the +1, that the university of Heidelberg has raised. Curiously, it indicates that the majority of the people is intent in the extremities. Or either, great part of the synthetic ones is between -1 and -0,5 and great part of the analytical ones between +0,5 and +1. This fact already explains, in part, because we differ in such a way in the musical perception of the sounds, since the biggest concentration of the people is in the extremities of the scale. [CENTER][IMG]http://www.melorib.com/data/knirsch3.jpg[/IMG][/CENTER] These facts have taken the new very interesting discoveries for the sonorous equipment evaluation in the international media. Initially, tests of hearing in the reviewrs of critical hearing (RAC) of equipment of the specialized foreign magazines had been carried through and if it evidenced that the best reviewers are the ones that if find between -0,4>RAC>+0,4, or either, they are the synthetic and analytical people who are situated more close to the center. This finding made the audio international media feel the necessity to carry through auditory tests the candidates to reviewers of critical hearing. And from the results is that it has made the choice of the auditorily more appropriate people for RAC, to be part of the publishing body of its magazines. But the discoveries do not stop here! The University of Heidelberg, carried through examinations of nuclear espintomography of the human brain, to show the anatomy of the right and left cortex where the musical perception occurs. Also magnetoencefalography examinations had been carried through to determine electric chains in the right and left cortex in the brain. The results are surprising. They show that the cinereous mass of the left cortex, in the synthetic listeners, is bigger of the one than of the right side, while that the analytical listeners more possess the developed right side. The electric chain also is bigger of the left side in synthetic, in the analytical ones, is bigger of the right side. Also, in professional musicians (where the total cinereous mass of the cortex is bigger of the one than in not the musicians), the ratios of the left and right side are similar for not musicians, synthetic and analytical. The cortex of the left side, more developed in the synthetic ones, is very sensible the fast impulses of sound, mainly those that do not exceed 50ms of duration. Ritmic sounds are a preference of the synthetic ones, while that longer pulses are a preference of the analytical ones, whose right cortex more is developed, as we saw. Therefore, longer sounds, melodic are better perceived by the analytical ones. We can not forget that the height of the sounds can vary, being around the basic one for synthetic, and for the analytical ones, being able to go until fourth eighth of harmonic above of the basic one. These differences are marked and also explain the distinct preference of musical instruments between the two great groups. While the synthetic ones give preference the instruments of percussion, guitar, piano, and instruments of high blow as trompete and transversal flute, the analytical ones give preference to the instruments of ropes, as the violas, to the serious instruments of blow, and to singing. Exactly in the way to play instruments, differences between analytical and the synthetic ones had been perceived. While the synthetic ones value the rhythm of music, the analytical ones value the musical melody. It is interesting to notice that, there is a division of preferences of instruments between the two groups, we can also identify its position for the localization of the instruments inside of a modern orchestra. Thus, of the left side of the orchestra they are normally the instruments of the synthetic ones, as for example, the instruments of percussion, the piano, the high violins. Curious what the research had also shown, that the majority of the teachers belongs to the group of the synthetic ones. Of the right side, the side of the analytical ones, is instruments as the low violin, the viola, violoncelo, the contrabass, tuba, saxofone, the flute, the bassoon, oboé, and also the chorale. Thus, it is not odd that the main differences are in the band of frequencies that go until 1.500Hz. (the bass goes until 160Hz and the medium until 1.300Hz) And the discoveries still do not stop here. There is more! Research showed, between the two groups, how much to the preference of equipment marks of electronic reproduction of music, as speakers, record player, CD-Players, integrated, receivers, amplifiers in general way and arrived the surprising results. It exists, for incredible that it seems, a biunivocal correlation between marks and types of synthetic and analytical audio equipment and the punctuation. Thus, for example, a speaker of a certain mark is preference of the synthetic ones that they had gotten a punctuation in the scale around -0,5. Having deepened the research, was verified that the designers of these same speakers, of that determined specific mark, also belong to the same group, or either, to the group of -0.5, synthetic listeners Another example, was verified that one integrated of a certain mark, preferred for analytical the +0,7, was projected by people also pertaining to the same group of listeners that contains the group consumer (+0,7). There exist, therefore, marks of synthetic and analytical devices for all the bands of listeners and all the graduations. These discoveries will bring great changes in the marketing and the design of equipment of audio, whose extension still not able to visualize today. [B]Conclusion[/B] We present the last discoveries in the field of the musical perception human being, where we find synthetic and analytical listeners. They are two great groups, that hear simply of different form, independent of the age, sex, color, etc. We show that, according to statistical surveys, the majority of the synthetic ones and the analytical ones are in the extremities of a scale, for still today unknown reasons. We said that a correlation was evidenced between the instruments chosen for the musicians and the group the one that they belong as listeners. Also, it was interesting to notice that the division of the cerebral cortex, in analytical and the synthetic ones, corresponds with the division and rank of the instruments in a modern orchestra. We have ahead new concepts of hearing that let us foresee significant changes to our area. With certainty they will influence the design of the devices and also the marketing of the companies of audio. On the other hand, the research has not stopped here, it continues intensely. It is probable that our musical trends already are preprogrammed geneticaly and studies in this direction are in course. Today we can carry through tests and verify if we are synthetic or analytical. From there, already we can indicate which the equipment marks of audio that they correspond to the preference of each one of us, or either, which ones we will find more pleasing. This, without a doubt, has simplified the choice and the purchase of the devices, becoming more objective. The assembly of a system of audio with this process is very facilitated. I ask: what type of listener you are?
