Veering far OT into the Horizon of the Aten
Dynamic Turtle said:
According to various web sources, it was the Egyptians who first proposed and embraced mono-theism! Pharoah Akhenaton (c1375bc) is largely credited with developing the concept (though this would later lead to his grizzly demise). Were his Jewish slaves forced to pray to one God and adopt their master's new mono-theistic creed? Sounds plausible to me.
While the Hymn to Aten and Psalm 103 are often compared, the biggest formative influence on Judaism seems to have been the period of exile in Babylon.
The god represented by the sun disc or "Aten" was not invented by Amenhotep IV as Akhenaten was known before he changed his name. The sun god Re was an ancient and powerful deity linked intimately with the king and the after life already by the time of the 18th dynasty. Pharaoh means son of Re.
Aten in the new state religion was the creator of everything, which was not a particularly new idea, however Aten as sole creator and giver of life rendered all other deities effectively meaningless. What Akhenaten seems to have done here is take a trend and develop it to it's "logical" conclusion.
In addition, and probably crucially to the final outcome, the king and the royal family and *not* the priesthood where Aten's chief (sole...) interlocutors. This is made very clear on the famous Amarna plaques which depict Akhenaten with Nefertitti receiving the life-gving rays directly from Aten. This implication of this is fairly obvious.
The motivation for religious reform seems to have been as much practical as visionary: Akhenaten was attempting to restore legitimacy and power back to the throne and out of the hands of a rich and powerful priesthood. This was a process he did not start, but one he did take forward at incredible pace.
There is no evidence that Akhenaten met a grisly end (the busts seem to portray a frail man). It was probably in the interest of his opponents in the priesthood to spread this kind of misinformation, though.
The other really striking, epochal innovation of Amarna is the art, which was even more radical than the religion.
What is undeniable is that the Amarna revolution was a truely spectacular failure that lasted barely two decades.
The Amarna period could be said to have formally ended when Akhenaten's son, Tutankhaten, renounced his father's innovations (probably under the influence of his advisors) and adopted a convential Pharaonic name that paid tribute to the revived deity Amun.
His new name: Tutankhamun.
Class over. You can all wake up now.